If you absolutely cannot turn off the main shutoff to your whole apartment, condo, or whatever, then you can try this old trick.
Purchase another shutoff valve exactly like the one you have right there.
It looks like a Brasscraft 1/2 inch copper inlet, 3/8 inch compression outlet.
Open up every cold faucet that you have, showers, tubs, sinks, etc, and let them keep running full open.
That will greatly reduce the flow when you take apart the defective shutoff valve by your toilet.
Then just unscrew the big nut behind the football shaped handle, then unscrew the guts of the valve by turning the football handle counter-clockwise.
The handle attached to a plastic spiral insert will come out.
Meanwhile, you have already removed that same exact guts from the new valve.
Just quickly screw in the new plastic spiral and handle, screw on the new big nut onto the old valve, and you have a nice new functioning shutoff valve.
You will still have a flood, and if something goes wrong and water keeps shooting out, you are totally screwed.