Standard toilets have a bowl rim between 14 to 16 inches high (from the finished floor).
"Comfort height" is another term for ADA compliant toilets. They are 16.5 to 18 inches from the finished floor. They are supposed to be easier for people in wheelchairs to get on and off of. They are also easier for people who have knee or leg problems. I have a hard time getting up from low seats so I prefer ADA height. Shorter people may not like the taller toilets though. (For the record, I'm 5'6" and prefer "comfort height"-- My toilet is a Toto Drake which is about 17.25 inches high).
While I do not know if standard height is necessarily regulated federally, the ADA height ones are regulated because they have to be within the aforementioned range to meet the ADA standards.
Anyone know the height range for toilets for children? I know Gerber makes a toilet for toddlers that is very short.
I hope this was helpful. If I was wrong on anything, hopefully one of the experts can correct me and elaborate.